Constellations, planets, meteor showers etc. on show this month. |
The night sky this month
The night sky in July 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 04.44 31st 05.23 Sunset 1st 21.48 31st 21.06 Astronomical darkness: 1st none 31st 00.47 to 01.44 Full Moon 9th New Moon 23rd Earth is at aphelion (the furthest point in its orbit from the sun) on 3rd at 21.11, when it will be at a distance of approx 94.5 million miles (152 million Km) Highlights Yet again there is nothing spectacular to report, we do have some astronomical darkness to look forward to at the end of July - 16 minutes on 30th and almost an hour on 31st. Pluto reaches opposition on 10th, 4 days before the second anniversary of New Horizons' closest approach. We now know a lot more about the tiny distant world, which has surprised everyone. Venus is still shining brightly in the morning sky, but Jupiter is now only prominent in the early part of the night. We could still see some Noctilucent Clouds after sunset and before sunrise - see previous months' notes for more details. There are some bright ISS passes from mid month, around 2am or 3am at first, then some before midnight during the last week of the month. There
are still a few faint fuzzies around, especially at the start of the
month, and we have a planet occulted by the moon - in daylight. The Summer Triangle (made up of Vega in Lyra, Deneb in Cygnus and Altair in Aquila) is now quite high in the southern half of the sky. Cygnus, with its Northern Cross asterism, and Lyra are particularly prominent. At the start of the month Pegasus, followed by Andromeda, is rising in the early hours. As always during the summer months, it isn't the best time to see the zodiac constellations or planets as the ecliptic never gets very high in the sky. However, if you do happen to visit a dark sky site over the next few months you should be rewarded with good views of the Milky Way high overhead running through Cygnus and down to Sagittarius just above the southern horizon. Planets Mercury: in Gemini, mag -1.1. An evening object, low on the Western horizon after sunset. At the start of July it sets around 22.30, 50 minutes after the sun. On 5th it moves into Cancer and into Leo on 17th. It reaches greatest eastern elongation on 20th. On 25th it is 6 degrees west of the 7% lit waxing moon, close to Regulus in Leo. The Moon does actually occult the planet earlier that day - too early, as it is in daylight. By month end it sets at 21.40 and will have faded to mag 0.5. Venus: in Taurus, mag -4.1. Still a very bright morning object, rising at 02.26 on 1st. When seen through binoculars or a telescope its phase increases during the month, 63% lit on 1st, 74% on 31st. However its apparent size is decreasing as it moves away from us. On 5th it passes close to the Pleiades star cluster and on 14th is near Aldebaran, the eye of the bull. On 20th and 21st it is quite close to the waning crescent moon. On 30th and 31st it spends some time in the non zodiac constellation, Orion. Mars: in Gemini, moving into Cancer on 18th. Sets too soon after the Sun to be visible in July. Jupiter: in Virgo, mag -2.1. Sets soon after 1am on 1st, on this day the 58% lit moon passes 7 degrees west of the planet. On 28th they are even closer, separated by just 2 degrees, low in the south west. By month end it will have faded slightly to mag -1.9 and set soon after 23.00. Saturn: in Ophiuchus, mag 0.1. Sets just before 4am on 1st, when it culminates around midnight, On 7th the 95% lit Moon passes 5 degrees to the north. The rings are still wide open but Saturn remains very low in the sky - as it will for the next few years. It takes 29 years to make one orbit of the sun, so remains in each zodiac constellation for over 2 years, and won't move north of the celestial equator until at least 2025. ( Can't give an exact date as the tables I use only go up to Dec 2023, when it will be in Aquarius) At month end it will set at 01.50. Uranus, in Pisces, mag 5.9. On
1st it rises at 01.14 and at 23.13 by month end. Best seen towards the
end of July when it reaches an altitude of 25 degrees while the sky is
still dark. Should be visible in binoculars but a telescope is needed
to show the small blue/green disc. On the morning of 15th the 3rd
quarter Moon passes 5 degrees south of the planet. Neptune: in Aquarius, mag 7.9. Rises
a few minutes after midnight on 1st and at 22.06 on 31st. During the
month it brightens very slightly to mag 7.8. On 31st it culminates at
03.34, nearly 3 hours before sunrise - though not in the small period
of astronomical darkness. Dwarf planet Pluto
reaches opposition on 10th, when it culminates at 01.13, a little SE
of the teaspoon asterism in Sagittarius. At mag 14.8 it is probably
too faint to be seen directly in even the best amateur scopes but might
be a good photographic target. Why not try to emulate Clyde Tombaugh
and take a couple of pics a few days apart. Even without the aid of his
blink comparator, it should be possible to see what has moved For
its exact position see https://theskylive.com/pluto-info Meteors No
major showers in July; we have a couple of minor ones towards the end
of the month but they have low radiants and are better seen from further
south. Delta Aquarids: Active July 2th to August
23rd, peak 30th. ZHR given as up to 25 but likely to be much lower
from our northern latitude. These are faint, medium paced meteors not
usually leaving trails. Parent comet not known for sure, could possibly
be 96P/Macholz Alpha Capricornids: Active July 13 to
August 15th, ZHR 5. This shower doesn't have a defined peak but is
probably best seen 30th/31st July. These are slow moving, bright meteors
leaving long trails. There could also be some fireballs. This shower
is caused by the Earth passing through debris left by comet 169P/CAT. The
radiants of both these showers are near the ecliptic, opposite the Sun,
so it can be difficult to distinguish them from meteors from the
antihelion source, which is active in late July. However, these tend
to be rather faster moving than meteors from either of the showers. The Perseids are active from 11th July, so a few may be seen in the second half of the month, and sporadic activity - meteors not belonging to any particular shower - is usually quite good in July. Comets The
three faint comets which have been visible in our skies for the last
few months are now getting very low, faint and difficult to spot. 71P/Clark: mag 11.2, moving southwards through Scorpio. At the beinning of July it is above the horizon from around 21.00 to 1am but only reaches an elevation of about 2 degrees. By month end it is only visible from the southern hemisphere. V2/Johnson: mag 8.5. Starts the
month a little east of Spica, then moves southwards. From mid July is
only visible from further south. 4P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak:
mag 7.5. Yet another now best seen from further south. Starts the
month in Serpens, moving into Scutum on 2nd. However,
we do have one comet whose position is slightly better. C2015/ER61
PANSTARRS is moving through Aries and into Taurus. Its predicted mag is
around 9, but it has shown signs of becomng brighter. In early July it
rises around 1am and by 23.30 at month end, when it will be heading
towards the Pleiades. As always, more info and position details can be found on: . |
The night sky in June 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 04.46 30th 04.44 Sunset: 1st 21.27 30th 21.41 Astronomical darkness: none Full Moon 9th at 14.09 New Moon 24th at 03.33 The
Summer Solstice, when the Sun reaches its northernmost point in the
sky, is on 21st at 05.24. This is also the longest day, at 17hrs 01min
48sec (9hrs and 33 minutes longer than the shortest in December). Earliest sunrise is 04.39 on 17th, latest sunset is a week later - 21.41 on 24th Highlights More
light evenings, not much use for astronomers, though during the last
week the nights do begin to draw in - by a few seconds each day. Saturn
is at its best for the year, we still have 3 faint comets around, and
there are a couple 'highlights' which can't be seen: daytime meteor
showers and a new moon close to perigee - a new Supermoon. The full
moon this month occurs when the Moon is almost at it's furthest from us,
known as a Micromoon. And there's still a chance of
seeing some noctilucent clouds, wispy electric blue clouds, low in the
west after sunset and in the east before sunrise - if you happen to be
in a dark sky area with a clear horizon. There are some bright late evening passes of the International Space Station for the first 4 days of June, then that's it for evening passes until late July. Constellations The Plough asterism in Ursa Major is still prominent, being overhead for much of the night, leaving Cassiopeia on the opposite side of the Pole Star, low in the northern sky. The Summer Triangle, consisting of Vega, Deneb and Altair, is now getting higher in the late evening, though Altair, in Aquila, is still quite low in the early part of the night. The beautiful double star Albireo, at the head of Cygnus the swan, is very well placed for observing. The Milky Way is now visible from dark sky sites, running across the sky through the Summer Triangle, passing almost overhead in the early hours. The bright orange red Arcturus is shining brightly high in the SW and, if you manage to find some dark skies not obscured by cloud, you should be able to see the rest of the kite shaped Bootes, with the semicircle of stars forming Corona Borealis just to the east of it. Another red giant, Antares in Scorpio is now visible low on the southern horizon - it's to the right of, and a bit below, the slightly brighter Saturn. Planets Mercury: in Aries, moving into Taurus on 4th, mag -0.3. A
morning object for most of June, but appears too close to the sun to be
easily seen. On 1st it rises at 04.08, only just over half an hour
before sunrise. It reaches superior conjunction on 21st
and moves into Gemini the following day. Still hardly visible as it
becomes an evening object, despite having brightened slightly to mag
-1.0. On 30th it sets 45 minutes afer the sun. Venus: in Pisces, mag -4.4. Becoming
more prominent in the pre dawn sky, on 1st it rises almost 90 minutes
before the sun. Reaches greatest western elongaton on 3rd, but it's
position then improves as the angle of the ecliptic to the horizon is
increasing, so the planet is higher in the sky just before sunrise,
despite the decrease in it's apparent distance from the sun. It briefly
passes through Cetus on 10th, then into Aries, and into Taurus on 29th.
On 30th it rises at 02.27, 2 hours 17 mins before the sun. Mars: in Taurus.mag 1.7. Appears
very close to the sun throughout June, so not visible. Sets about 90
minutes before sunset on 1st, so not bright enough to be easily seen in
the twilight. By 30th it sets only 33 minutes after sunset. Jupiter: in Virgo, mag -2.2. Now
past its best for this year but still prominent in the early part of
the night. Reachs its highest point in the sky before sunset, setting
at 03.10 on 1st. In the early hours of 3rd the 74% waxing moon passes
close by - separated by only 1.4 degrees at 02.20. At the start of June
it is retrograde but on 10th it goes back to prograde motion (moving
eastwards against the background stars). For an explanation of this
see earthsky.org/space/what-is-retrograde-motion By month end it sets at 01.10 and will have dimmed to mag -2.0. Saturn: in Ophiuchus, mag 0.1. Now
at it's best for this year and visible all night, but, unfortunately,
still low in the sky - maximum 15 degrees above the southern horizon.
On 10th, at 01.00 it is just 2 degrees south of the full moon. The
rings now appear wide open, at their best since 2003, and, on a couple
of nights either side of opposition on 15th, will appear much brighter
than usual. This is because the direct sunlight on the individual
particles making up the rings means that the shadows are not visible.
This is known as the Seeliger effect. Uranus: in Pisces, mag 5.9. A
morning object, barely visible in the dawn sky in early June: on 1st it
rises only 90 minutes before the sun. On 3rd it is 1.75 degrees from
Venus at 03.30 - unfortunately this is only a few minutes after they
rise. By month end it rises at 01.18 and might be visible in binoculars
in the early hours. Neptune: in Aquarius, mag 7.9. Rises
a few minutes after 2am on 1st and soon after midnight on 30th. Should
be visible in amateur telescopes as a small blue disc in the later part
of the month. Retrograde motion from 17th. Meteor Showers No
major showers in June. The Antihelion source, with a radiant moving
through Ophiuchus and Sagittarius, is active early in the month and
again towards the end, ZHR 3-4. June Bootids, June
22nd to July 2nd, peak 27th. ZHR is extremely variable - has been known
to occasionally reach 100 but often none at all are seen. This is
because the orbit of the parent comet, 7P/Pons - Winnecke has altered
and it is now further from that of Earth. A good display happens when
we cross a dust cloud on the previous orbit. This is not predicted to
happen this year. June Lyrids: Peak 15th/16th. A
ZHR of 8 - 10 has been reported in the past but there has been no
activity in recent years. Parent comet not known but probably another
whose orbit has shifted. There are also a few daytime
showers, only detectable using radar or radio telescopes. They were
first seen in 1947 at Jodrell Bank, when a team including Prof (later
Sir) Bernard Lovell was studying cosmic rays. The major
one of these is the daytime Arieds, active May 22nd to July 7th, peak
June 7th, ZHR up to 30. The radiant is 30 degrees from the sun and a
few meteors have been observed visually around this time, in the pre
dawn sky. We also have the Zeta Perseids, peak 9th, and the Beta Taurids, on 25th. Comets The three faint comets are still around. V2/Johnson is predicted to remain at peak brightness of around 6.7 during the first week of June, however the waxing gibbous moon will interfere during this time. Starts the month in Bootes, passing about 5 degrees east of Arcturus on 5th and 6th. On 15th it crosses into Virgo. 71P/Clark
is a telescopic object, mag around 11.8. On 1st, at 01.00, it passes 2
degrees east of Antares as it moves southwards. 41P
Tuttle-Giacobini- Kresak is still moving southwards between Aquila and
Ophiuchus. By the end of June it will be a little to the north west of
the mid point between Altair and Saturn. |
The night sky in May 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 05.34 31st 04.47 Sunset: 1st 20.39 31st 21.26 Astronomical darkness: 1st 23.27 to 02.43 31st none Full Moon 10th New Moon 25th Highlights Once again it's a problem finding any - there's more light than high. On 1st of May we have 3 and a quarter hours of astronomical darkness but this rapidly diminishes and from 14th there is none at all until the end of July. We have one reasonably good meteor shower (as always, weather permitting) and a trio of comets. The end of the month sees the start of the season for noctilucent clouds. These are very fine, wispy blue tinged clouds. so high in the atmosphere that they catch the sunlight before sunrise and after sunset. They could be seen low in the NW, 90 mins to 2 hrs after sunset, and in the NE before sunrise. The ISS is back in the late evening sky from 23May and into June. Constellations As the sky darkens at the start of the month Lyra and Cygnus are rising in the north east, followed a couple of hours later by Aquila. In the later part of the night the Summer Triangle formed by Vega, Deneb and Altair, the brightest star in each of these three constellations, should be easily visible. By the end of the month Aquila will be above the horizon by around 11pm. The brightest part of the Milky Way visible to us in the UK runs through the Summer Triangle and down through Scutum and Sagittarius. The Plough is still very high in the sky for most of the night, standing on its handle, so Cassiopeia, the W shaped 'Lady in the Chair', on the opposite side of the Pole Star is very low down in the north. Bootes, the herdsman, is now riding high although only Arcturus, the brightest star in the celestial northern hemisphere, is above magnitude 2, so its kite asterism may not be easily visible in our light polluted skies. Arcturus is easy to find though - just follow the arc of the Plough's handle down to the south until you come to Arcturus. Carry on the arc a bit further and you come to the star Spica, the brightest star in Virgo. At this time of year when you look up to the south you are looking out of the plane of our Milky Way galaxy instead of along it like you do in winter and summer, so there aren't many bright stars, open star clusters and nebulae. However, if you've got a telescope this is a good time of year to hunt down globular clusters like M13, the Great Globular Cluster in Hercules, and faint galaxies like the many galaxies lying in the bowl of Virgo and into Coma Berenices. Planets Still not a good time for planetary observing with only Jupiter particularly prominent this month. Mercury: in Pisces, mag 2.4. A
morning object throughout May but difficult to see as it remains very
low in the sky. At the start of the month it rises only 20 minutes
before the sun. It reaches Greatest Western Elongation on 17th but is
still too low to be seen in the bright dawn sky. By month end it rises
40 minutes before sunrise, and will have brightened to mag -0.2 but is
still not an easy target. Venus: in Pisces, mag -4.5. Another
one which is very low in the morning sky, so not easy to spot despite
its brightness. It rises just over an hour before the Sun on 1st May,
and about 90 minutes before by the end, when it will have dimmed
slightly to -4.3 but should be visible in the brightening dawn sky Mars: in Taurus, mag 1.6. Sets around 23.00 throughout May but because of the lengthening days the gap reduces during the month, from two and a half hours to 90 minutes after sunset. Best seen early in the month when it will be to the north of the V shaped Hyades asterism very low in the west, soon after sunset. Jupiter: in Virgo, mag -2.2. Still
the only planet putting on a good show, especially in early May, when
it is visible for most of the night, setting about 20 minutes before
sunrise. On 7th the 22% lit moon passes to the north of the planet.
By month end it reaches its highest point in the sky only an hour after
sunset and sets around 3am. There are several transits
of the Galilean moons and their shadows, including two brief shadow
transits. On the morning of 12th the shadows of Europa and Io are both
on the face of the planet between 02.58 and 03.04 - a whole six
minutes! On 25th we have the shadows of Ganymede and Io for slightly longer, 23 minutes from 01.16 to 01.39. Saturn: in Sagittarius, mag 0.3. Starts
the month to the north of the teapot asterism, rising around half an
hour after midnight. On 14th it is 2.3 degrees from the 91% lit Moon,
rising about 20 minutes before midnight. It is currently moving
westwards against the background stars (retrograde) and crosses back
into Ophiuchus on 19th. At the end of May it rises at
22.17 and will have brightened slightly to mag 0.1. It remains very low
in the sky - max 15 degrees - throughout May but is still worth viewing
through a scope as the angle of the rings makes it a beautiful sight. Uranus: in Pisces, mag 5.9. Rises 20 minutes before the Sun at the start of May and only 90 minutes before on 31st, so not visible in the dawn sky. Neptune: in Aquarius, mag 7.9. Not
visible in early May, rising a few minutes after 4am, only 90 minutes
after the Sun. By month end it rises soon after 2am and may be seen
through a telescope as a small blue disc in the dawn sky. Meteor Showers One
fairly major shower this month, the Eta Aquarids, dust particles from
Halley's Comet, are active between April 19th and May 28th. The peak is
expected on the night of 5th/6th but enhanced activity is probable for a
few days either side of this. ZHR could be anywhere between 10 and 50,
depending on which source of information is believed, but is likely to
be closer to the lower figure from our latitudes as the radiant is very
low and the shower is best seen from the Southern Hemisphere. These
are fast moving meteors, often leaving persistent trails, and may
include some Earthgrazers: bright, long lasting meteors moving
horizontally across the sky just before dawn. This is the best time to
view the shower, especially this year when the 85% lit moon doesn't set
until 04.14 on the morning of 6th. Minor Showers Eta Lyrids: active 3rd to 12th, peak 9th/10th ZHR 7. These originate from comet C/1983 H1 (IRAS Araki-Alcock) and are best seen between 2am and dawn. The antihelion source, meteors with a
radiant on the ecliptic, directly opposite the position of the sun, are
active in early May and again towards the end of the month. ZHR 3-4. And,
in the latter half of May there are a couple of daytime showers -
which isn't much use unless you happen to have radio or radar detectors. Comets C2015/V2
Johnson starts May in Hercules, at mag 7.4, then moves into Bootes on
3rd, spending the rest of the month moving down the eastern edge of the
kite asterism. By month end it should have reached its maximum
brightness of mag 6.7. Best seen in the second half of the month when
the Moon is out of the way. 41P
Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak *** is close to Vega in Lyra at the start of
May, then moves southwards down the border of Lyra and Hercules during
the month. Starts May at around mag 9 and fades to 10.9 by the end. 71P
Clark starts May in Ophiuchus before moving into Scorpio, finishing
the month 2 degrees east of Antares. Magnitude around 12, making it a
telescopic rather than binocular target. ***
Aplologies, last month I referred to this as Tuttle-Giacobini-Knesal.
Obviously can't read my own writing in my notes. Did anybody spot this?
(the mistake, not the comet) For more more detailed positions of planets and comets see http://in-the-sky.org |
The night sky in April 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 06.42 30th 05.36 Sunset 1st 19.44 31st 20.37 Astronomical darkness 1st: 21.50 to 04.33 30th: 23.33 to 02.50 Full Moon 11th New Moon 26th Highlights 'Light' is the key word here - we're approaching the time of year when there's far too much of it for astronomers' liking. We have one bright planet, a couple of binocular comets, an ancient meteor shower, and a chance of some fireballs. On
28th the 8% lit moon occults Aldeberan - the eye of the bull - in
Taurus, between 19.08 and 20.00. This is, as you have probably
realised, is in daylight but should be visible in scopes. There are some bright early evening passes of the International Space Station from 1 - 9 April. Constellations Now
that BST has been forced upon us, we have to wait even longer for the
skies to darken each evening. By the time it gets really dark the beautiful area
round the Winter Hexagon, so rich in bright stars, is sinking slowly in
the West.Winter Hexagon  Ursa Major is now high in the sky with the Plough overhead around midnight in the second half of the month. Follow the curve of the handle down to the orange coloured Arcturus, brightest star in the constellation Bootes the herdsman, and the 4th brightest in the night sky. The signature constellation of spring, Leo, is still riding high in the south and the Summer Triangle of Vega (in Lyra), Deneb (Cygnus) and Altair (Aquila) is now rising in the east and visible in the early hours. Planets One planet puts on a really good show this month - and this time it isn't Venus! Venus: in Pisces, mag -4.0. Another one which isn't easily seen during April. It rises about an hour before the sun throughout the month but is very low in the dawn sky, so, despite its brilliance, it is nowhere near as prominent as it has been in the evening sky during the last few months. Mars: in Aries, mag 1.5. Best seen in the early part of the month. It sets at around 23.00 throughout April but by the end of the month, when the sun isn't setting until after 20.00, is quite low in the West as the sky darkens. Moves into Taurus on 13th, and on 20th is slightly less than 4 degrees South of the Pleiades Jupiter: in Virgo, mag -2.4. The star of the April sky, shining brightly for most of the night throughout the month, rising soon after sunset at the start of April. It is at opposition on 7th and by month end is quite high in the sky as it gets dark, culminating half an hour before midnight. In the early hours of 11th the full Moon passes just 1.5 degrees north of the planet. On the morning of 4th both Io and Ganymede pass into Jupiter's shadow, Io at 01.40 and Ganymede at 05.38. Io reappears from behind the planet's disc at 03.57. On the night of 14th/15th Ganymede and its shadow cross the face of Jupiter, Ganymede from to 22.57 to 01.01, the shadow following about an hour later. Ganymede also transits on 22nd between 02.12 and 05.49. Saturn: in Sagittarius, mag 0.4. Rises around 02.30 in early April and a couple of hours earlier at the end of the month. Still very low in the sky - only 15 degrees above the horizon at its highest point. However the rings are still wide open so it is well worth viewing through a telescope if you have a clear southern horizon. Uranus: in Pisces, mag 5.9. Sets about an hour after the Sun so is barely visible this month. Neptune: not visible. Meteor Showers One fairly strong shower this month. The Lyrids,
active 16th to 25th, peak on the night of 22nd/23rd but should also be
quite good on the nights before and after. ZHR 20, occasionally much
higher but the enhanced rates are not predicted for this year. As with
most showers, the best time to observe is between midnight and dawn.
The Moon will not interfere. These meteors originate from
Comet C/1801G1 Thatcher, it is the oldest known shower, recorded by
Chinese astronomers in 687BC. It is also the strongest shower from a
long period comet. Minor Showers Librids: active 15th to 30th with several short peaks. Delta
Draconids: active March 28th to April 17th with no definite peak.
These are very slow meteors which leave conspicuous trails. they were
first recorded in 1971. Spring antihelion source,
meteors appearing to come from the area of the ecliptic directly
opposite the position of the sun, are active early to mid April and
again near the end of the month. ZHR 3 - 4. And finally, we may have some fireballs - meteors of magnitude minus 3 or brighter. The April fireballs are active 14th to 20th. These have no specific radiant, but appear to emanate from the South Eastern part of the sky. They sometimes reach the ground as meteorites. Alpha Bootids, peak on 28th. This shower could also include fireballs - slow moving and leaving smoky trails. Comets 41P
/ Tuttle-Giacobini-Knesal starts April in Draco, just above the bowl of
the Plough - close to the location of the Hubble Deep Field. During
the month it moves eastwards and is SW of Vega on 30th. Its magnitude
is expected to reach a peak of 6.6 between 5th and 11th, then fade to
7.6 by month end. C/2015 V2 Johnson moves much more slowly through Hercules during April. It should brighten slowly from 8.3 to 7.4 Both should be visible in binoculars. For more detailed info on planet and comet positions see International Space Station passes  Times are correct for North Manchester. See www.heavens-above.com for more information and to set your observing location.  |
The night sky in March 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 06.56 31st 06.44 Sunset 1st 17.47 31st 19.42However at this time of year the skies tend to be cloudy rather than bright and starry and darkness falls later and later throughout the month. By month end the Sun sets before 20.00 - though that is partly because of the compulsory 'do everything an hour earlier' aka British Summer Time which is imposed on us from Sunday 26th. We are now losing the winter highlights of Orion, Sirius and Taurus soon after midnight, though they are still promiinent in the south in the early part of the night. Auriga, with the bright yellowish-white star Capella, is now overhead soon after sunset, with Gemini and Leo also prominent. The not very obvious zodiac constellation, Cancer, is now well placed. The Plough is overhead by midnight, the handle pointing to the orange hued Arcturus, the brightest star north of the celestial equator, in the constellation of Bootes. By the end of March the Summer Triangle will be above the horizon soon after 2am - or by 1am if you've forgotten to put the clock forward. Venus: in Pisces mag -4.4. Still
very bright in the evening sky at the start of March but rapidly
losing height above the western horizon as the month progresses. Reaches inferior
conjunction (the closest point in its orbit to the Earth) on 23rd, when,
because of the inclination of its orbit, it will appear to be directly
above the sun and may be seen in both the morning and evening twilight
for a couple of days. By month end it is a morning object, rising
about an hour before the sun and showing a 2% lit crescent. Mars in Pisces, moving into Aries on 9th, mag 1.3. On
1st it sets at 21.50, 4 hours after the sun, and will be only 2 degrees
above Uranus - a good binocular target, weather permitting. By month
end it will be setting at 23.00 (now BST, so actually around the same time
throughout the month) but slightly dimmer, at mag 1.5. Jupiter: in Virgo mag -2.3. Now
becoming prominent in the late evening sky. At the start of March it
rises at 21.27 and by month end will be above the horizon soon after
20.00, culminating (reaching its highest point in the sky) at 10.42.
There are several transits this month, as the Galilean moons and their
shadows pass between us and the planet. These include: 2nd/3rd Ganymede's shadow 22.30 to 01.10 Ganymede 02.06 to 04.02 10th Ganymede's shadow 02.37 to 05.06 Ganymede 05.30 to 07.26 19th/20th Io's shadow 23.44 to 01.55 Io 00.11 to 02.21 So,
between 00.11 and 01.56, both Io and its shadow will be seen against
the face of the planet - a good photo opportunity, perhaps. Saturn: in Sagittarius mag 0.5. Not
particularly prominent this month. It's a morning object throughout,
rising just before 03.30 on 1st. By month end, when it rises at 02.30,
it culminates at 06.19 just under half an hour before Sunrise. It will
still be very low in the sky, reaching an altitude of only 22 and a half
degrees but worth seeing as the rings are still favourably positioned,
angled at around 26 degrees. Uranus: in Pisces mag 5.9. Appears
close to Mars in early March but is only 17 degrees above the horizon as
the sky darkens, setting at 21.39. By month end it sets just over an
hour after the sun and won't be visible in the twilit sky. Neptune: Not visible this month. Comets C/2015V2 Johnson is still around, spending March moving through Hercules. It is expected to brighten during the month, from mag 9.1 to mag 8.1. It isexpected to reach mag 6 by May (but comets are notoriously unpredictable!) 41PTuttle-Giacobini-Knesak
starts the month at mag 10, positioned to the north of Leo's Sickle
asterism, then moves towards Ursa Major ending the month just above the
bowl of the Plough. It will be much brighter at mag 6.9,
unfortunately still below the limit of naked eye visibility - even for
those lucky enough to live in an area where the skies are really dark. For more details of positions of planets, comets etc see: https;//in-the-sky.org Meteors No major showers this month, and not much in the way of minor ones either. The
Gamma Normids, which peak on March 16th, are only visible from the
Southern Hemisphere, and the Camelopardids, peaking on 22nd, have a ZHR
of only 1. Their main (only!) claim to fame is that they are the slowest
known meteors, moving at only 7km/sec. The best chance
of seeing a few meteors is probably the Spring Antihelion Source,
radiant on the ecliptic directly opposite the position of the sun, ZHR 3
to 4. |
The night sky in February 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise: 1st 07.54 28th 06.59 Sunset: 1st 16.32 28th 17.54There's a penumbral Lunar eclipse on 26th/27th, when the Moon passes through the outer, fainter, part of the Earth's shadow. If the sky is clear a slight darkening may be seen between 22.34 and 02.53. On 26th, there is an annular Solar eclipse. the Moon is at its furthest from Earth, so the disc appears too small to cover the sun, leaving a ring of light. The bad news is that it is only visible from certain parts of S America, the South Atlantic and S W Africa. There are some bright early evening passes of the International Space Station from 1st to 12th of the month. See heavens-above.com ISS visible passes ConstellationsOrion and Taurus are now above the horizon as the sky darkens but start to set at around 2am at the start of February and soon after midnight by the end of the month. Gemini and Auriga are still prominemt, remaining above the horizon until the early hours. Leo, the signpost constellation of Spring, is now high in the sky for most of the night and Bootes, with it's bright red start Arcturus is rising soon after 11, and around 9 at month end. In the early part of the evening the Plough is low in the North East standing on its 'handle', and Cassiopeia high in the North West as darkness falls. By month end, the Summer Triangle will have risen soon after 3am - Summer already? Someone better tell the weather. Comets A couple of theoretically binocular comets are visible in our skies this month. 45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova
is just past perihelion and will be very low in the East just before
sunrise at the start of the month, when it is predicted to have a
magnitude of around 7. As it moves rapidly Northwards it becomes
visible earlier - towards the end of the month it passes above Leo and
will be visible from 21.00, though it is expected to have faded to mag
11. It is at its closest to Earth on 11th - the night of the full
Moon. C/2015 V2 (Johnson). the orbit of this comet is
thought to be a hyberbola, an open curve, so when it has passed round
the Sun it will travel to the outer reaches of the Solar System, or
beyond, never to return. It starts February in Bootes, moving
Westwards across the sky into Hercules by mid month. It has yet to reach
its predicted maximum brightness. For more details of these, see www.cometwatch.co.uk and https://theskylive.com |
The night sky in January 2017
by Anne Holt Sunrise. 1st: 08.25 31st: 07.55 Sunset 1st; 16.01 31st; 16.50 Astronomical darkness: 1st: 18.11 to 06.15 31st 18.52 to 05.54 Full moon 12th New moon 28th Highlights The
nights have now started to get shorter but we still have plenty of dark
hours for astronomers to enjoy - even if they do tend to be somewhat
chilly. The Earth reaches perihelion, the closest point in
its orbit to the sun, on Jan 4th at 14.18, when it will be at a
distance of 147,100,997 km, or 0.9833 AU. (one AU being the average
distance). We have one major and two minor meteor showers, a
comet which should be visible in binoculars, and a chance to see the
brightest and faintest of the major planets in the same binocular field
of view. Constellations There
isn't much change in the prominent constellations since December, just
that everything rises, or sets, a couple of hours earlier. Orion
is now well above the horizon by 8pm at the start of the month, with
Sirius rising at this time. By month end, Sirius will rise at about
6pm. Auriga, Gemini and Cassiopeia are all high in the sky. The Summer Triangle is now setting earlier as the Winter Hexagon rises.
Taurus and the Pleiades are still very prominent and Leo is above the south eastern horizon by 9pm. Planets Mercury - mag 0.5, in Sagittarius. A
morning object, rising around 7.30 at the start of January. On 8th it
is 7 degrees East of Saturn, rising at 06.46. It reaches greatest
Western elongation on 19th, when it rises 90 minutes before the sun and
will have brightened to mag -0.1. However it is still very low - only 3.7
degrees above the SE horizon. By month end it rises at around 7am. Venus - mag -4.4, in Aquarius, moving into Pisces on 24th. Totally
unmissable (clouds and tall buildings permitting) in the early evening
sky. Sets soon after 20.00 in early January. On Jan 1st it is 8 degrees East of the 11% waxing moon. On
12th, when it is at greatest Eastern elongation, it is only 22
arcminutes (two thirds of a full moon width) NW of Neptune. At about 18.20 it should be possible to see
both planets in the same field of view in binoculars or a small
telescope. At the end of the month it sets about 4 and a half hours after the sun. Mars - mag 0.5, in Aquarius, moving into Pisces on 20th. Should
be visible as an orange red 'star' in the early evening SW sky, setting
around 21.30 throughout the month.. On 1st it is only 20 arcminutes
East of Neptune - again, a good binocular target. Jupiter - mag -1.9 in Virgo. At
the start of January it rises soon after 1am, and by 23.30 at month
end, when it will be slightly brighter at mag -2.2, and will reach its
highest point in the sky just before 5am, in astronomical darkness. It
is just a few degrees from bright star Spica throughout the month. Saturn - mag 0.4, in Ophiuchus. A
morning object, visible as a yellow 'star', low in the SE sky just before
dawn. Rises only 90 minutes before the sun on Jan 1st, increasing to
almost 3 hours by the end of the month. Uranus - mag 5.9, in Pisces. Best
seen in early January when it reaches its highest point (45 degrees) at
around 18.30, when the sky is getting really dark, and sets around
01.30. By the end of the month it sets a few minutes before 11.30.
Still at the limits of naked eye visibility - but not from anywhere
near Manchester, unfortunately. A telescope is needed to show its
blue/green disc. Neptune - mag 7.9, in Aquarius. On
1st it is just 20 arcminutes from Mars and, on 20th, 22' SE of Venus.
By month end it sets less than two and a half hours after the sun, soon
after the start of astronomical darkness. It might be spotted in
decent binoculars under ideal conditions but best viewed through a
telescope, when its beautiful blue colour can be seen. Minor
planet Vesta, the second largest known object in the asteroid belt,
reaches opposition, in Cancer, on Jan 18th. At mag 6.2 it is outside
naked eye visibility but should be a fairly easy binocular target, or a
good photo opportunity if the skies are clear for a few days around
that date - take a series of images and play 'spot the difference'. For its exact position on any night see . https://theskylive/vesta-tracker We
also have a binocular comet, 45P/Honda-Mrkos/Pajdusakova. It is in
Capricorn, visible low in the South during the first half of January.
It is expected to reach mag 7.1. See https://theskylive/45P-tracker Meteor Showers One
major shower this month, the Quadrantids - named after the former
constellation Quadrans Muralis, now part of Bootes after it was left out
of the IAU's official list of constellations published in 1922. Active between late December and January 10th. It has a very short peak on Jan 3rd, centred on 14.00. ZHR 80 - 120.These meteors don't usually leave trains but the shower could include some fireballs. These
are usually best seen after midnight when the radiant is high in the
sky. Try looking between 4am and dawn on 3rd, just before the peak,
which is in daylight. This shower probably originates from asteroid
.2003 EH1 - thought to be the remains of the nucleus of defunct comet
C1490/X1. A couple of very minor showers Delta Cancrids - active Dec 14th to Feb 14th, peak 16/17th, ZHR 1-4. Coma Berenecids - active
Dec 8th to Jan 23rd, peak 18th, ZHR 1-2 but occasionally produces a
much higher rate, including bright fireballs, so might be worth looking
out for. These are among the fastest meteors recorded, reaching a speed
of 65 km/sec. Could originate from an unconfirmed comet observed in
1912 by astronomer B Lowe. |
The night sky in December 2016
by Anne Holt Sunrise 1st: 08.02 31st: 08.25 Sunset 1st: 15.54 31st: 16.00 Astronomical darkness begins at around 18.00 throughout the month. We have two bright Christmas 'stars' on view this month: Venus is extremely bright, magnitude -4.2, but in the Western evening sky, and Jupiter is shining in the East before dawn, although much less bright than Venus at a magnitude of 'only' -1.7. Constellations Orion, with the stars of his belt pointing down to the brightest star in the sky, Sirius, is now well above the horizon by midnight, and is a beautiful sight especially from a dark sky site. By month end these will be visible from 10pm - weather permitting. Taurus and the Pleiades precede him across the sky. Gemini, including the 'twins' Castor and Pollux, and Auriga with the bright Capella are also very prominent. Aries and Pisces, while not particularly bright - or often not even visible in our polluted skies - are both quite high this month. Perseus, Andromeda and the Great Square of Pegasus are also well placed for most of the night. The Plough starts the night quite low in the Northern sky, with Cassiopeia high overhead. Because of the long winter nights, these last two will have changed places before dawn as they rotate around the celestial north pole. Planets Mercury: in Sagittarius. Again
not easy to see this month. On 1st it sets at 16.35, only 40 minutes
after the sun. On this day it is 8 degrees below the waxing crescent
moon very low in the West. It reaches greatest Eastern elongation on
11th, when it sets about an hour after sunset. Towards month end it
will appear to move much closer to the sun, setting a few minutes before
it on 31st. Venus: mag -4.2, in Sagittarius moving into Capricorn on 8th. Unmissable
in the evening sky, despite its fairly low altitude at sunset in early
December. On 1st it sets soon after 18.30 but can easily be seen in
the twilit sky. By month end it sets a few minutes after 20.00 and will
have brightened slightly to - 4.4, though the difference will be more
pronounced as it will be much higher in the now darker sky. On 3rd it is 5.5 degrees SW of the 15% lit moon, low in the SSW at around 16.30. Photographs anyone? Mars: mag 0.7 in Capricorn, moving into Aquarius on 16th. Because
it is moving Eastwards against the background stars it sets at around
the same time throughout.December: 21.00 on 1st and only 20 minutes
later on 31st, when it will have faded slightly to mag 0.9. Jupiter mag -1.8 in Virgo. Shining
brightly in the morning sky. It rises at 02.18 on Dec 1st and about an
hour earlier by month end, when it reaches its highest point while the
sky is still dark. On 22nd/23rd it is quite close to the waning crescent
moon. For those of you who want a Christmas 'star' in
the East, on the morning of 25th it rises at about 01.40 and will be
quite prominent from just before 3am until the sky brightens at dawn. Saturn: mag 0.5 in Ophiuchus. Hardly
visible in December. An evening star at the start of the month,
setting about 30 minutes after the sun. After conjunction on 10th it
becomes a morning object. On 31st it rises at 7am, about 90 minutes
before the Sun, so might be spotted low in the pre dawn sky. Uranus: mag 5.9 in Pisces. Sets at 3.30 at the start of December, and a couple of hours earlier by 31st. Reaches
its highest point in darkness throughout. At 20.30 on 9th it is 3.5
degrees North of the 76% lit moon. Still at the limits of naked eye
visibility (has anyone here ever seen it without optical aid?) it should
be an easy binocular target but a scope is needed to show its blue
green disc. Neptune: mag 7.9, in Aquarius. Sets
just before 23.30 in early December, when it is quite high in the sky
as darkness falls. By month end it is fairly low in the SW as the sky
darkens, setting around 21.30. On 31st it is separated from Mars by
only 20 arcminutes (two thirds of a full moon width). It should be visible in binoculars - if you know
where to look - but you need to look through a telescope if you want to
see its rich blue colour. For exact positions on any day see www.in-the-sky-org or theskylive.com Meteors One major shower this month. Geminids, active 4th to 16th, peak on the night of 12th/13th, ZHR could be as high as 120. They
are very bright, often multicoloured , fairly slow moving meteors.
This is the only major shower to originate from an asteroid- 3200
Phaeton - rather than a comet. It is usually worth looking for these
meteors from about 10pm, when the radiant is high in the sky.
Unfortunately, this year all but the brightest will be washed out
because of the proximity of the almost full moon throughout the night. Minor showers Ursids:
active 17th to 23rd, peak 21st/22nd. ZHR usually 5 -10 but
occasionally as many as 25. These are medium speed meteors, associated
with comet SP/Tuttle. They will not have as much moon interference as
the Gemenids - the 38% lit moon rises at 1am. Puppa Velids, peak 9th ZHR 15 The radiant is well below the horizon from our latitude but a few meteors may be seen shooting upwards in the SW. Coma
Berenecids, active 12th to 23rd, peak 18th ZHR 3. These were once
regarded as part of the Leo Minorids but now thought to be a separate
shower. Leo Minorids: active Dec 5th to Feb 4th,
peak 20th, ZHR 5. Should be distinuishable from the Coma Berenecids as
they are slightly faster and stronger. |
The night sky in November 2016
by Anne Holt Sunset: 1 Nov 16.36 30 Nov 15.54 Astronomical
darkness on 1st begins at 18.34, on 30th at 18.02 so all our November
meetings will be held during the hours of darkness - all we need are the
clear skies.We
have one fairly major, and a couple of minor, meteor showers and naked
eye planet positions are beginning to improve - slightly. The
full moon on 14th will be the closest to us this year, meaning that it
will appear slightly larger than average. This is often referred to as a
supermoon, though the correct astronomical term is a perigee-syzygy
moon. (perigee meaning the closest point in the moon's orbit to Earth
and syzygy meaning at opposition or conjunction - in this case the
Earth, Moon and Sun are in a line: ie full or new Moon) Constellations If it is clear you will see that the Summer Triangle comprising the 3 bright stars Vega, Deneb and Altair is now sinking slowly in the West, giving way to the stars of winter now rising in the east. Mid-evening the square of Pegasus, the signature constellation of autumn, is fairly high in the south but not particularly prominent, containing only 2nd magnitude stars. It's an easy star-hop from Alpheratz, the top left star of the square of Pegasus to the Andromeda Galaxy, M31, which is now nicely placed fairly high in the south east.  The Winter Hexagon is a beautifully rich area bounded by Sirius (Canis Major), Rigel (Orion), Aldebaran (Taurus), Capella (Auriga), Pollux (Gemini) and Procyon (Canis Minor). This relatively small region contains half of the ten brightest stars. It will be above the horizon not long after midnight at the start of November and before 11pm by month end. The Pleiades, just outside the Hexagon are also very well placed and are a beautiful sight in binoculars or a small telescope. Cassiopeia is still riding high leaving the Plough, on the opposite side of Polaris, low in the Northern sky for much of the night. Planets Mercury starts the month in Libra, then moves through Scorpio and into Ophiuchus on 18th. It appears very close to the Sun throughout November, setting not long after it. On
23rd it is only 3.5 derees from Saturn but, as Mercury sets only 23
minutes after sunset and Saturn half an hour later, they won't be easy
to spot very low in the Western sky. Venus: in Ophiuchus, moving into Sagittarius on 10th. Starts
the month at mag 4.0 and sets about 80 minutes after the Sun. By the
end of November it will have brightened slightly to mag -4.2 and be
above the horizon until just over two and a half hours after sunset. It
will still be very low in the Western sky, because of the angle of the
ecliptic, but is so bright that it should be easily visible from
anywhere with a clear Western horizon. Neptune: in Aquarius mag 7.9. Not
visible to the naked eye but a good amateur scope will show it as a
small blue disc. It is still quite well placed this month, at the start
it reaches its highest point soon after 20.00 and sets at 1.25. On
30th it culminates at 18.08 and sets a little before 23.30. Meteor Showers One major shower in November. Leonids:
active between Nov 5th and Dec 3rd, peak Nov 17th. ZHR could be as
high as 20 but the presence of the bright gibbous moon will interfere
and only the brightest will be seen. These are very fast moving meteors
often leaving persistent trains. Minor showers Southern Taurids: still active but have now passed their peak. The associated Northern Taurids are active between 20th October and 10h December. Peak 12th November. ZHR 5. These
are very bright, slow moving meteors ideal for imaging but this year
will be badly affected by the presence of the almost full Moon. Both
Taurid streams are associated with a comet which broke up many thousands
of years ago, one of the fragments becoming comet 2P/Encke The November
Orionids and Northern Taurids are both active in late November/early
December and have radiants which are quite close together. However, it
should be fairly easy to distinguish between the two as the Orioniids
are much faster moving.November Orionids: Active Nov 14th to Dec 6th. Peak Nov 28th. ZHR 3. These have a lower rate than the other November showers but this year have the advantage of not being adversely afftected by moonlight, so might be a better bet if you want to spot a few meteors. The parent comet is thought to be C/1917F1 (Mellish). |
The night sky in October 2016
by Anne Holt There are some nice early evening passes of the ISS in the first half of the month - find them on www.heavens-above.com, or for smartphone download ISS Detector for Android or ISS Spotter for iPhone.Sunset: 1st 18.48, 31st 16.38 Full Moon 16th, New Moon 1st and 30th. Highlights One major meteor shower, though it will be advesely affected by the presence of the gibbous moon. On the night of 18th/19th the Moon will pass through the Hyades - the V shaped asterism in Taurus - several naked eye stars will be occulted. Astronomical darkness, at the start of the month, begins shortly before 9pm, and soon after 6.30 by month end. And, in the early hours of 30th, we can go back to using Greenwich Mean Time - midnight will be at 00.00 hrs, where it belongs. Constellations The Summer Triangle, made up of Vega in Lyra, Deneb in Cygnus and Altair in Aquila, is losing its dominance in the night sky. It is still visible during the first part of October high in the south west but by the end of the month all three constellations will have set by 4am. It's place in the southern sky is being taken by the Great Square of Pegasus, autumn's signature constellation. The beautiful star cluster the Pleiades (also known as the Seven Sisters) followed by the rest of Taurus, will be visible by 11pm in early October and by 8pm (now back to GMT) at month end. By the end of October Orion will be easily visible by midnight, with Sirius just above the eastern horizon at this time. Perseus and Andromeda are still high in the sky for most of the night, making it a good time to look for M31, the Andromeda galaxy. If you are at a very dark sky site, it should be visible to the naked eye, especially when using averted vision. Cassiopeia is now high in the sky for most of the night, so the Plough, on the opposite side of the North Celestial Pole, is low in the north. Planets A slight improvement on September's positions, but still not ideal for observing naked eye planets. Mercury: may
be visible in the first half of October, on 1st it rises at 05.22 just
under 2 hours before the Sun. On 11th it is 0.8 degrees North of
Jupiter, just before dawn. Reaches superior conjunction on 27th and is not visible during the second half of the month. Venus: in Ophiuchus, mag -3.9. At
the start of October it sets about an hour after the Sun, but is still
very low in the sky because of the low angle of the ecliptic (the apparent path of the Sun around the Earth, on which most of the planets lie) -  Mars: in Sagittarius, mag 0.1. Again,
very low in the evening sky, setting at around 10pm in early October
and just before 9 at the end, though, because of it's movement Eastward
against the background stars, there isn't much actual change - the time
difference is because of the clocks going back. Jupiter: in Virgo, mag 1.5. At
the start of October is very low in the Eastern pre dawn sky, rising
just half an hour before the sun. By the end it will rise around 4.30
and be more easily visible before the sky begins to brighten. Saturn: in Ophiuchus, mag 0.5. Visible
in early October, very low in the South West soon after sunset. By the
end of the month it sets about 90 minutes after the sun. As last month the distant ice giants are much better placed for observation than the naked eye planets. Uranus: in Pisces, mag 5.7. Reaches
opposition on 15th and is visible throughout the night this month, it
is reasonably high in the sky an hour or so either side of midnight. On 16th it is 3 degrees North of the full Moon. It
is easily seen in binoculars - if you know wherre to look - but a
telescope is needed to show the planet's disc and blue green colour. Neptune: in Aquarius, mag 7.8. Still
quite well placed, especially during the first half of October. By the
end it sets around 1am and is best seen before midnight. Much
too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but could be visible through
good binoculars from a dark sky site. Through a telescope it's blue
colour can be seen. For exact positions of these two, see This
site can also be used if you want to try to spot dwarf planet Ceres,
which is at opposition, in Cetus, on 21st and is at mag 7.8. Another useful site for locating faint objects is https://in-the-sky.org This one gives co-ordinates rather than position charts. Meteors One major shower in October. Orionids Active from early October until early November, peak
early morning of 21st, ZHR 20. Bright, fast moving meteors, some leaving trails.
This shower could include some fireballs. The shower is caused when the
Earth passes through a stream of dust left by Halley's Comet. Best seen between midnight and dawn but this year the gibbous moon will interfere. Several minor showers in October - some more minor than others. Camelopardids Peak 5th/6th, ZHR 1. Occasionally puts on a much better show but often the shower isn't seen at all. Draconids Peak
8th/9th, ZHR 2. This shower often includes many more meteors, but
most are so faint that they can only be detected using radar. It is
unusual in that it is best seen before midnight, when the radiant is
high in the sky. It is caused by dust particles from Comet
Giacobini-Zinner. Delta Aquarids Active, though again not very, mid September to mid October. Peak 11th, ZHR 2. Best seen in the early hours. Southern Taurids. Sept 10th to Nov 20th. Peak October 10th, ZHR 5. Bright, slow moving meteors, could be some fireballs. This shower is best seen around midnight. It
is associated with the Northern Taurids, which start in late October
but do not peak until November. It's thought that thousands of years
ago they were a single shower, but it has been split into 2 streams by
the gravitational influence of Jupiter. They are
associated with a large, long defunct comet, which broke up over 20,000
years ago, one of the fragments becoming Comet Encke. Epsilon Geminids. Peak 18th/19th, ZHR 3. Fast moving meteors. Parent comet not known for sure, probably Nishikawa-Takamizawa-Tago. Leonids Minorids. Peak 22nd/23rd, ZHR 2. Fast moving meteors, dust particles from Comet C/1739K1. |
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